Communication in Nursing
Effective communication is essential for safe, compassionate nursing care. It involves not just what you say, but how you listen, respond, and adapt your approach to each patient and situation.
Types of Communication
- Verbal communication — Spoken words, tone of voice, pace, and clarity
- Non-verbal communication — Body language, facial expressions, eye contact, posture
- Written communication — Records, care plans, reports, and notes
- Electronic communication — Email, electronic health records, telehealth
Barriers to Communication
Nurses must recognise and overcome barriers to effective communication, including:
- Language differences and the need for interpreters
- Hearing or visual impairments
- Cognitive impairment or confusion
- Anxiety, distress, or pain
- Cultural differences
- Noisy or busy environments
- Use of jargon or medical terminology
Active Listening
Active listening is a skill that involves giving full attention to the speaker, showing interest, and providing feedback. Techniques include:
- Maintaining appropriate eye contact
- Using open body language
- Nodding and using verbal encouragers
- Reflecting back what the patient has said
- Asking open-ended questions
- Summarising to check understanding
Communicating with Vulnerable Patients
Adapt communication for patients with specific needs:
- Children — Use age-appropriate language, involve parents/carers
- Older adults — Speak clearly, allow extra time, consider hearing/vision aids
- Patients with dementia — Use simple language, be patient, use validation techniques
- Patients with learning disabilities — Use easy-read materials, involve family or advocates
- Patients with mental health conditions — Be non-judgemental, use active listening
SBAR Communication Tool
SBAR is a structured communication framework used in healthcare:
- Situation — What is happening now?
- Background — What is the clinical background?
- Assessment — What do you think the problem is?
- Recommendation — What do you think should happen?
SBAR reduces communication errors and improves patient safety, especially during handovers and when escalating concerns.